Florida Decision Impacts Employees’ Abilities to Bypass Workers’ Compensation System and Sue Employers for Mental Distress Tort Claims

September 9, 2025

A recent decision from the Fifth District Court of Appeal, Steak ‘N Shake v. Spears,1 highlights the import of Florida’s workers’ compensation adjudicative framework and may serve to prevent highly emotional claims for work-related mental distress from making their way to a jury.

Amber Nicole Spears was working as a server at a Steak ‘N Shake restaurant when she was held at gunpoint by an intruder who grabbed her neck, forced her into a back room, and repeatedly threatened to kill her. Spears claimed that she suffered emotional distress as a result of the encounter, which indisputably occurred in the course and scope of her employment.

Following this traumatic incident, Spears did not pursue workers’ compensation benefits or otherwise invoke Florida’s workers’ compensation adjudicative process to determine if her injuries were “compensable” (i.e., whether her employer owed her workers’ compensation benefits for the same). Instead, she initiated suit directly in circuit court, bringing a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress against her employer. Notably, Spears did not bring claims based on any alleged physical injuries suffered as a result of the incident.

In response, Steak ‘N Steak claimed that Spears’ claims were barred by the doctrine of workers’ compensation immunity because she had not made a request for benefits and therefore had not taken the first step to determine if her injuries were compensable.

The circuit (trial) court rejected this argument, explaining that, because Spears had not alleged any physical injury, her claims fell outside Florida’s workers’ compensation framework and thus were not compensable as a matter of law. In reaching is conclusion, the trial court relied on the language of the Florida Workers’ Compensation Act, which indicates:

A mental or nervous injury due to stress, fright, or excitement only is not an injury by accident arising out of the employment. Nothing in this section shall be construed to allow for the payment of benefits under this chapter for mental or nervous injuries without an accompanying physical injury requiring medical treatment. A physical injury resulting from mental or nervous injuries unaccompanied by physical trauma requiring medical treatment shall not be compensable under this chapter.

§ 440.093(1), Fla. Stat.

Steak ‘N Shake appealed the decision to the Fifth District Court of Appeal (DCA). In June of 2025, the Fifth DCA issued its opinion, holding that an employee may not file a tort claim against her employer without first seeking a determination of whether she is entitled to workers’ compensation benefits from either a workers’ compensation carrier or a judge of compensation claims.

Read more